L7.1: D-stem#

The D-stem denotes a factitive intensification of the G-stem.

Meaning#

  1. Factitive of adjectival verbs:

    Example

    • damāqum “te be(come) good” → dummuqum “to make good, improve”

    • rapāšum “to be(come) wide” → ruppušum “to widen”

  2. Causative of active-intransitive verbs:

    Example

    • halāqum “to dissapear” → hulluqum “to cause to persih, to destroy”

    • pahārum “to gather” (intr.) → puhhurum “to gather” (trans.)

  3. Pluralic, when there is a plurality of objects or subjects:

    Example

    naqārum “to demolish; scratch” → nuqqurum = “demolish (many objects)”

    • G-stem: ālšu anaqqar “I will demolish his city”

    • D-stem: ālānīšunu unaqqar “I will demolish their cities”

    našāqum “to kiss” → nuššuqum “to kiss (many times)”

    • G-stem: šēpīja iššiq* “he kissed my feet”

    • D-stem: šēpīya unaššiqū “they kissed my feet”

  4. Derivative, i.e. verbs derived from a noun:

    Example

    • ruggubum “to roof over” < rugbum “roof”

    • gullubum “to shear, to shave” < gallābum “barber, hairdresser”

    Note

    These verbs are not attested in G-stem.

  5. Lexical, i.e. verbs whose basic form is the D-stem:

    Example

    • kullumum “to show”

    Note

    These verbs are not attested in G-stem as well.

  6. Not all verbs occur in the D-stem.

  7. Sometimes the diffenrece in meaning is not distinguishable

    1. petûm (G) ↔ puttûm (D) = “to open”

Morphological Characteristics#

  1. It is characterized by a double middle radical in all its forms and the

    D-Stem

    Durative

    uparras

    Perfect

    uptarris

    Preterite

    uparris

    Imperative

    purris

    Participle

    muparrisum

    Verbal Adj.

    purrusum

    Infinitive

    purrusum

    Stative

    purrus

  2. All verbs have the vowel class a-i

    D-Stem

    Durative

    uparras

    Preterite

    uparris

    Note

    The perfect uptarris has the vowel i of the preterite rather than that of the Durative as in the G-stem.

    • G-stem: iparras ↔ iptaras

    • D-stem: uparras ↔ uptarris

  3. All personal prefixes have u-

    Durative

    Perfect

    Preterite

    3s.c.

    uparras

    uptarris

    uparris

    2s.m.

    tuparras

    tuptarris

    tuparris

    2s.f.

    tuparrasī

    tuptarrisī

    tuparrisī

    1s.c.

    uparras

    uptarris

    uparris

    3pl.m.

    uparrasū

    uptarrisū

    uparrisū

    3pl.f.

    uparrasā

    uptarrisā

    uparrisā

    2pl.c.

    tuparrasā

    tuptarrisā

    tuparrisā

    1pl.c.

    nuparras

    nuptarris

    nuparris

    Note

    The -t- of the perfect undergoes the assimilation before g, d, ṭ, s, ṣ and z as in the G-stem:

    • uṣṣabbit

    • ussahher

  4. The imperative has the i fronm the preterite:

    2ms

    2fs

    pl.com.

    purris

    purrisī

    purrisā

  5. The participle has the prefix mu-

    D-Stem

    Participle

    muparrisum

Note

The particples of all stems other than the G-stem have the prefix mu-

  1. The infinitive and the verbal adjective are identical:

    D-Stem

    Infinitive

    purrusum

    Verbal Adj.

    purrusum

  2. In verbs with the e-coloring, a vowels can become e but not always

    • D-stem Durative: uqerreb or uqarrab

    • D-stem preterite: uqerrib or uqarrib

    Warning

    The orthography for uqerreb (durative) and uqerrib (preterite) is identical:

    • 𒌑𒆠𒅕𒊑𒅁 = u₂-qe₂-re-eb = uqerreb

    • 𒌑𒆠𒅕𒊑𒅁 = u₂-qe₂-ri-ib = uqerrib

I-n Verbs#

The assimilation of the n only takes place in the perfect

I-n

Durative

unakkar

Perfect

uttaker

Preterite

unakker

Imperative

nukker

Participle

munakkerum

Infinitive

nukkurum

Verbal Adj.

nukkurum

Stative

nukkur

I-ʾ Verbs#

For these verbs we find the same rules as in the G-stem

arākum

epēšum

elûm

Durative

urrak

uppaš

ulla

Perfect

ūtarrik

ūteppiš

ūtelli

Preterite

urrik

uppiš

ulli

Imperative

urrik

uppiš

ulli

Participle

murrikum

muppišum

mullûm

Infinitive

urrukum

uppušum

ullûm

Verbal Adj.

urrukum

uppušum

ullûm

Stative

urruk

uppuš

ullu

I-w#

For these verbs we find the same rules as in the G-stem. The adjectival as well as the active verbs are conjugated alike.

watārum

Durative

uwattar

Perfect

ūtatter

Preterite

uwatter

Imperative

(w)utter

Participle

muwatterum

Infinitive

(w)utturum

Verbal Adj.

(w)utturum

Stative

(w)uttur

Note

  • In the perfect: uw- > ū

  • w at the beginning is often dropped: (w)utturum, (w)utter

II-weak#

These verbs have to be separated into two groups

II-w and II-y#

They follow the same rules as the G-stem. As for the G-stem, when a vowel follows the R₃, this is doubled, that is also true for the infinitve:

kânum

Durative

ukān, ukannū

Perfect

uktīn, uktinnū

Preterite

ukīn, ukinnū

Imperative

kīn, kinnā

Participle

mukinnum

Infinitive

kunnum

Verbal Adj.

kunnum

Stative

kūn, kunnu

II-ʾ#

Verbs II-ʾ in D-stem are poorly attested. The verbs II₁-₂ (II-a) tend to be conjugated with the middle as a strong consonant, although contraction may take place.

wârum strong

wârum weak

Durative

uwaʾʾar, uwaʾʾarū

uwâr, uwârrū

Perfect

ūtaʾʾer,

Preterite

uwaʾʾer, uwaʾʾerū

uwêr, uwêrrū

Imperative

wuʾʾer

Participle

muwaʾʾerum

Infinitive

wuʾʾurum

wûrum

Verbal Adj.

wuʾʾurum

wûrum

Stative

wuʾʾur

The verbs II₃-₅ (II-e) are treated like II-w/y but with e-vowels or conjugated like II₁-₂ (II-a):

rêqum

Durative

urēq, ureqqū

Perfect

urtīq, urtiqqū

Preterite

urīq, uriqqu

Imperative

rīq, riqqā

Participle

muriqqum

Infinitive

ruqqum

Verbal Adj.

ruqqum

Stative

rūq, ruqqu

III-Weak#

Most of these verbs fall together into one paradigm, only the verbs III-e keep the e, when a is expected:

banûm

ṭehûm

Durative

ubanna

uṭehhe/uṭahha

Perfect

ubtanni

uṭṭehhi/uṭṭahhi

Preterite

ubanni

uṭehhi/uṭahhi

Imperative

bunni

ṭuhhi

Participle

mubannûm

muṭehhûm/muṭahhûm

Infinitive

bunnûm

ṭuhhûmm

Verbal Adj.

bunnûm

ṭuhhûmm

Stative

bunnu

ṭuhhu