GoA 33.1-33.2

L8.1: Gt-stem

These stem occurs rarely. Its meanings are:

Meaning

1. Reciprocal

   Example

   • mitgurum “to agree (with one another), come to an agreement”,

   • mithurum “to meet/face/confront/oppose one another, to correspond (tobe another), be of equal size,

   • mithuṣum “to fight, go to war” (i.e. to strike one another).

2. Separative. This is attested in only a smal group of verbs of motion:

   Example

   • atkulum “to go away, move on, be off”,

   • -etlûm “to move off, away”,

   • i︎ṣṣûm “to depart”.

3. Reflexive. This is rare, but it is attested:

   Example

   • piššušum “to anoint oneself”,

   • šitūlum “to ponder, deliberate, refelct.

4. Other

   Example

   • itʾudum (*naʾādum) “to heed, watch carefully”,

   • tizkurum/tisqurum “to speak” (used like G-stem in literary texts).

Morphological Characteristics

1. The Gt-stem has an infixed -t- between R₁ and R₂. The prefixes of the Durative, Perfect and Preterite are those of the G-stem. The theme vowels also correspond to those of the G-stem Durative.

   	Gt-Stem
   Durative	iptarras
   Perfect	iptatras
   Preterite	iptaras
   Imperative	pitras
   Participle	muptarsum
   Verbal Adj.	pitrusum
   Infinitive	pitrusum
   Stative	pitrus

   Note

   The Gt preterite is identical to the G Perfect. Thus when a suffix is added the vowel syncope occurs: iptarsam, iptarsū

2. As expected the -t- is assimilated when R₁ is d, ṭ, s, ṣ, or z. The forms without prefixes the -t- undergo metathesis:

   	ṣabātu
   Durative	iṣṣabbat
   Perfect	iṣṣatbat
   Preterite	iṣṣabat
   Imperative	tiṣbat
   Participle	muṣṣabtum
   Verbal Adj.	tiṣbutum
   Infinitive	tiṣbutum
   Stative	tiṣbut

3. The assimilation also occurs when R₂ is d, ṭ, s, ṣ, z or even š

   Example

   hissas “consider” (Imperative ms) <*hitsas from hasāsum (a-u) piššušum “to anoint oneself” (infinitive <*pitšušum)

4. After g, -t- becomes -d-:

   Example

   igderû “They sued one another” <*gerûm

I-n

In forms wiht prefixes, the n is assimilated to the following infix. In the remaining forms, in which n should stand first, it omitted:

	naqārum
Durative	ittaqar
Perfect	ittatqar
Preterite	ittaqar
Imperative	itqar
Participle	muttaqrum
Verbal Adj.	itqurum
Infinitive	itqurum
Stative	itqur

I-ʾ

In the forms with the prefixes, the loss of al inmediately the -t- infix has resulted in the lengthening of the preceding vowel. The remaining forms begin with a (or e). The Gt of alākum ois irregular

	ahāzum I-a	elûm I-e, III-weak	alākum
Durative	ītahhaz	ītelli	ittallak
Perfect	ītathaz	ītetli	ittatlak
Preterite	ītahaz	īteli	ittalak
Imperative	athaz	etli	atlak
Participle	mūtahzum	mūtelûm	–
Verbal Adj.	athuzum	etlûm	–
Infinitive	athuzum	etlûm	atlukum
Stative	athuz	etlu	–

I-w

Apart from the Durative and Preterite of waṣûm, these verbs are poorly attested in the Gt. They resemble Gt form of the verbs I-n.

	I-w	I-w, II-ṣ, III-weak
Durative	ittarrad	ittaṣṣi
Perfect	ittatrad	[ittaṣṣi]
Preterite	ittarad	ittaṣi
Imperative	tarad?	taṣi?
Participle	muttardum	muttaṣûm
Verbal Adj.	itrudum	iṣṣûm?
Infinitive	itrudum	iṣṣûm?
Stative	itrud	iṣṣu?

II-weak

These verbs are not well attested:

	kânum I-u(w)	niālum I-i(y)	šâlum II-a(ʾ)
Durative	[iktân?]/[iktunnū]	[ittīal]/ittillū	ištâl/ištallū
Perfect	[iktatūn]/[iktatūnū]	ittatīl/ittatīlū	ištatāl/ištatālū
Preterite	iktūn/iktūnū	ittīl/itīlū	ištāl/ištālū
Imperative	[kitūn]/[kitūnā]	itīl/itīlā	šitāl/šitālā
Participle	muktīnum	muttīlum	muštālum
Verbal Adj.	kitūnum	[itūlum]	šitūlum
Infinitive	kitūnum	itūlum/utūlum	šitūlum
Stative	kitūn	[itūl]	šitūl

III-weak

These offer no difficulties, note the III-e forms

	naqārum
Durative	ištemme
Perfect	ištetme
Preterite	išteme
Imperative	šitme
Participle	muštemûm
Verbal Adj.	šitmûm
Infinitive	šitmûm
Stative	šitmu