L7.2: Š-Stem
Contents
L7.2: Š-Stem#
The Š-stem is the causative counterpart of the G-stem.
Meaning#
The most common use of the Š-stem is as a causative of active-transitive verbs:
Example
šumqutum (G maqātum “to fall down”) “to cause to fall, to fell”
šuknušum (G kanāšum “to bow down, submit”) “to make submissive, to subjugate”
Active-transitive verbs in Š-stem may have two direct objects:
Example
awâtki ahhīja ušešmi “I made my brother hear your words”
ṣuhāram ṭuppam uštābilakkum “I have had a servant take (wabālum, Š Perfect) the tablet to you”
Some adjectival verbs uses the Š-stem instead of the D-stem for a factitive:
Example
šumruṣum “to make sick, cause trouble”
A few verbs only in the Š-stem:
Example
šutlumum “to give, lend”
šuklulum “to complete”
Sometimes it is not clear to differentiate the meanings of the D and Š-stems:
Example
kunnušum and šuknušum “to subjugate”
(w)utturum “to augment” and *šūturum “to increase, surpass”
Morphological Characteristics#
The Š-stem is charachterized by a prefix š, which precedes the root consonants in all forms:
Š-Stem
Durative
ušapras
Perfect
uštapris
Preterite
ušapris
Imperative
šupris
Participle
mušaprisum
Verbal Adj.
šuprusum
Infinitive
šuprusum
Stative
šuprus
Note
R₂ follos R₁ immediately in all forms
Between the š and R₁ there will always be a vowel, either u or a.
The t of the perfect follows š immediately.
The D and Š-stems have similar vowel configuration:
Š-Stem
D-Stem
Durative
ušaR₁R₂aR₃
uR₁aR₂R₂aR₃
Durative
ušapras
uparras
Note
Like in the D-stem there is no a vowel class in the Š-stem
Like in the D-stem the Durative has the vowel a and the Perfect together with the preterite have the vowel i in the Š-stem.
Like in the D-stem the prefixes of the durative, perfect and preterite have the prefix u
Like in the D-stem the Imperative has i between R₂ and R₃
Like in the D-stem the Infinitive, verbal adjective and thus the stative have the vowel u
I-n Verbs#
Since R₁ always comes immediately before R₂ the n is assimilated in all forms.
Š-Stem |
|
---|---|
Durative |
ušaddan |
Perfect |
uštaddin |
Preterite |
ušaddin |
Imperative |
šuddin |
Participle |
mušaddinum |
Verbal Adj. |
šuddunum |
Infinitive |
šuddunum |
Stative |
šuddun |
I-ʾ#
The loss of the R₁ has, as expected, caused the legthenin of the preceding vowel in all form with the exeption of the durative, as it is in the Durative of the G-stem. In verbs I-e, the usual change of a-vowels to e takes place:
ahāzum |
epēšum |
|
---|---|---|
Durative |
ušahhaz |
ušeppeš |
Perfect |
uštāhiz |
uštēpiš |
Preterite |
ušāhiz |
ušēpiš |
Imperative |
šūhiz |
šūpiš |
Participle |
mušāhizum |
mušēpišum |
Verbal Adj. |
šūhuzum |
šūpušum |
Infinitive |
šūhuzum |
šūpušum |
Stative |
šūhuz |
šūpuš |
I-w#
These verbs are conjugated like verbs I-ʾ in the Š. Some of them change a > e and a small group of verbs have both conjugations a and e
wabālum |
wašābum |
šūṣûm |
|
---|---|---|---|
Durative |
ušabbal |
ušeššeb |
ušeṣṣe/ušaṣṣa |
Perfect |
uštābil |
uštēšeb |
uštēṣi/ušaṣṣa |
Preterite |
ušābil |
ušēšib |
ušēṣi/ušaṣṣa |
Imperative |
šūbil |
šūšib |
šūṣi |
Participle |
mušābilum |
mušēšibum |
mušēṣûm/mušāṣûm |
Verbal Adj. |
šūbulum |
šūšubum |
šuṣûm |
Infinitive |
šūbulum |
šūšubum |
šūṣûm |
Stative |
šūbul |
šūšub |
šūṣu |
II-weak#
These verbs follow the same rules as for the D-stem:
II-w and II-y#
mâtum |
|
---|---|
Durative |
ušmāt, ušmattū |
Perfect |
uštamīt, uštamittū |
Preterite |
ušmīt, ušmittū |
Imperative |
šumīt, šumittā |
Participle |
mušmittum |
Infinitive |
šumuttum |
Verbal Adj. |
šumuttum |
Stative |
šumūt, šumuttu |
II-ʾ#
Verbs II-ʾ in D-stem are poorly attested. The verbs II₁-₂ (II-a) tend to be conjugated with the middle as a strong consonant, although contraction may take place.
nêšeum |
|
---|---|
Durative |
ušnēš/ušneššū |
Perfect |
? |
Preterite |
ušnīš, ušneššū |
Imperative |
? |
Participle |
muniššum |
Infinitive |
šunnušum |
Verbal Adj. |
? |
Stative |
? |
III-Weak#
All vowel-classes are conjugated alike as in the D-stem. In verbs III-e, the a becomes e (though not always). The usual contraction rules apply:
Š-Stem |
|
---|---|
Durative |
ušabna |
Perfect |
uštabni |
Preterite |
ušabni |
Imperative |
šubni |
Participle |
mušabnûm |
Verbal Adj. |
šubnûm |
Infinitive |
šubnûm |
Stative |
šubnu |